mysql主从搭建总的来说大致分为3个步骤，一是为主从实例添加复制所需参数以及创建复制用的账户，二在是需要在主库建立快照，三是在从库上添加指向主库IP，端口，用户名，密码，binlog位置等。而对于主从搭建的快照方式有很多种，如使用InnoDB hotbak，xtrabackup，mysqldump以及直接使用tar方式来建立快照。本文主要介绍使用mysqldump方式来建立快照，适用于不超过20GB左右的数据库。

与本文有关的相关参考：
mysqldump导出数据库

1、实例级别的主从搭建

-- 演示环境，另，本文演示基于同一主机的多实例，主端口为3406，从端口为3506
master@localhost[(none)]> show variables like 'version';
+---------------+------------+
| Variable_name | Value      |
+---------------+------------+
| version       | 5.6.12-log |
+---------------+------------+

master@localhost[(none)]> system cat /etc/issue
CentOS release 5.4 (Final)
Kernel \r on an \m

--有关参主从数配置，请参考MySQL 复制简要描述及示例
--创建用于复制的账户
master@localhost[(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.1.177' identified by 'xxx';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

--全局读锁
master@localhost[(none)]> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

master@localhost[(none)]> system pwd
/data/inst3406

--获取master binlog位置
master@localhost[(none)]> show master status;
+--------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File               | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+--------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| inst3406bin.000001 |     2169 |              |                  |                   |
+--------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

--使用mysqldump导出实例
master@localhost[(none)]> system mysqldump -uroot -pxxx -S /tmp/mysql3406.sock --routines --all-databases --opt >alldb.sql

master@localhost[(none)]> system ls
alldb.sql  data3406  

--解锁
master@localhost[(none)]> unlock tables;

master@localhost[(none)]> exit

--从库上面导入dump
[mysql@app inst3406]$ mysql -uroot -pxxx -S /tmp/mysql3506.sock <alldb.sql

--从库上设置主库的相关信息(host,port等等)
[mysql@app inst3506]$ mysqls
slave@localhost[(none)]> change master to
    -> MASTER_HOST='192.168.1.177',  
    -> MASTER_USER='repl',  
    -> MASTER_PASSWORD='xxx',  
    -> MASTER_PORT=3406,  
    -> MASTER_LOG_FILE='inst3406bin.000001',  
    -> MASTER_LOG_POS=2169;  
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)

--启动slave
slave@localhost[(none)]> start slave;

2、部分库从库搭建

--以下演示为仅搭建部分从库，为只同步sakila tempdb 2个库
--重置从库
slave@localhost[(none)]> stop slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

slave@localhost[(none)]> reset slave all;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

--为从库添加只同步sakila tempdb 2个库，以下为修改后的结果
[mysql@app ~]$ grep replicate /data/inst3506/data3506/my3506.cnf 
replicate-do-db=test
replicate-do-db=sakila

[mysql@app ~]$ grep skip-slave /data/inst3506/data3506/my3506.cnf
skip-slave-start

--修改后重启3506以使从配置生效
[mysql@app ~]$ mysqladmin -uroot -pxxx -S /tmp/mysql3506.sock shutdown

[mysql@app ~]$ mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data/inst3506/data3506/my3506.cnf &

--从主库仅导出sakila tempdb
[mysql@app ~]$ mysqldump -uroot -pxxx -S /tmp/mysql3406.sock --single-transaction --master-data=2 -R --database sakila tempdb>multidb.sql

--在从库端登陆执行dump文件
[mysql@app ~]$ mysqls
slave@localhost[(none)]> source multidb.sql

--查看dump期间的master binlog位置
slave@localhost[tempdb]> system grep -i "change master" multidb.sql
-- CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_LOG_FILE='inst3406bin.000001', MASTER_LOG_POS=3293117;

--从库上设置主库的相关信息(host,port等等)
slave@localhost[tempdb]> change master to
    -> MASTER_HOST='192.168.1.177',  
    -> MASTER_USER='repl',  
    -> MASTER_PASSWORD='xxx',  
    -> MASTER_PORT=3406,  
    -> MASTER_LOG_FILE='inst3406bin.000001',  
    -> MASTER_LOG_POS=3293117; 
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)

--启动从库
slave@localhost[tempdb]> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

-- Author : Leshami
-- Blog   : http://blog.csdn.net/leshami
--校验结果
slave@localhost[tempdb]> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 192.168.1.177
                  Master_User: repl
                  Master_Port: 3406
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: inst3406bin.000001
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 3293117
               Relay_Log_File: relay-bin.000002
                Relay_Log_Pos: 285
        Relay_Master_Log_File: inst3406bin.000001
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
              Replicate_Do_DB: test,sakila

--需要注意的是，本文的mysqldump期间，--single-transaction 仅仅对innodb引擎有效
--如果仅使用--master-data，则会开启--lock-all-tables
The --master-data and --single-transaction options can be used simultaneously, which provides a convenient way to
       make an online backup suitable for use prior to point-in-time recovery if tables are stored using the InnoDB
       storage engine.