同大多数关系型数据库一样，日志文件是MySQL数据库的重要组成部分。MySQL有几种不同的日志文件，通常包括错误日志文件，二进制日志，通用日志，慢查询日志，等等。这些日志可以帮助我们定位mysqld内部发生的事件，数据库性能故障，记录数据的变更历史，用户恢复数据库等等。本文主要描述通用查询日志。

1、MySQL日志文件系统的组成

2、慢查询日志

3、慢查询日志演示

long_query_time     ：  设定慢查询的阀值，超出次设定值的SQL即被记录到慢查询日志，缺省值为10s
slow_query_log      ：  指定是否开启慢查询日志
log_slow_queries    ：  指定是否开启慢查询日志(该参数要被slow_query_log取代，做兼容性保留)
slow_query_log_file ：  指定慢日志文件存放位置，可以为空，系统会给一个缺省的文件host_name-slow.log
min_examined_row_limit：查询检查返回少于该参数指定行的SQL不被记录到慢查询日志
log_queries_not_using_indexes: 不使用索引的慢查询日志是否记录到索引
    
--当前版本
root@localhost[(none)]> show variables like 'version';
+---------------+------------+
| Variable_name | Value      |
+---------------+------------+
| version       | 5.5.39-log |
+---------------+------------+

root@localhost[(none)]> show variables like '%slow%';
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
| Variable_name       | Value                           |
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
| log_slow_queries    | OFF                             |
| slow_launch_time    | 2                               |
| slow_query_log      | OFF                             |
| slow_query_log_file | /var/lib/mysql/suse11b-slow.log |
+---------------------+---------------------------------+

root@localhost[tempdb]> set global log_slow_queries=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

root@localhost[(none)]> show warnings;
+---------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level   | Code | Message                                                                                                           |
+---------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1287 | '@@log_slow_queries' is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use '@@slow_query_log' instead |
+---------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

--从下面的查询中可知，2个系统变量log_slow_queries，slow_query_log同时被置为on
root@localhost[(none)]> show variables like '%slow%';
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
| Variable_name       | Value                           |
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
| log_slow_queries    | ON                              |
| slow_launch_time    | 2                               |
| slow_query_log      | ON                              |
| slow_query_log_file | /var/lib/mysql/suse11b-slow.log |
+---------------------+---------------------------------+

root@localhost[tempdb]> show variables like '%long_query_time%';
+-----------------+-----------+
| Variable_name   | Value     |
+-----------------+-----------+
| long_query_time | 10.000000 |
+-----------------+-----------+

--为便于演示，我们将全局和session级别long_query_time设置为1
root@localhost[tempdb]> set global long_query_time=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

root@localhost[tempdb]> set session long_query_time=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

--Author : Leshami
--Blog   : http://blog.csdn.net/leshami

root@localhost[tempdb]> create table tb_slow as select * from information_schema.columns;
Query OK, 829 rows affected (0.10 sec)
Records: 829  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

root@localhost[tempdb]> insert into tb_slow select * from tb_slow;
Query OK, 829 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 829  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
       .....为便于演示，我们插入一些数据，中间重复过程省略
root@localhost[tempdb]> insert into tb_slow select * from tb_slow;
Query OK, 26528 rows affected (4.40 sec)
Records: 26528  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

root@localhost[tempdb]> system tail  /var/lib/mysql/suse11b-slow.log
/usr/sbin/mysqld, Version: 5.5.39-log (MySQL Community Server (GPL)). started with:
Tcp port: 3306  Unix socket: /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
Time                 Id Command    Argument
# Time: 141004 22:05:48
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost []
# Query_time: 4.396858  Lock_time: 0.000140 Rows_sent: 0  Rows_examined: 53056
use tempdb;
SET timestamp=1412431548;
insert into tb_slow select * from tb_slow;

    ....再次插入一些记录....
root@localhost[tempdb]> insert into tb_slow select * from tb_slow;
Query OK, 212224 rows affected (37.51 sec)
Records: 212224  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

root@localhost[tempdb]> select table_schema,table_name,count(*) from tb_slow
    -> group by table_schema,table_name order by 3,2;
+--------------------+----------------------------------------------+----------+
| table_schema       | table_name                                   | count(*) |
+--------------------+----------------------------------------------+----------+
| information_schema | COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY        |     1024 |
| performance_schema | cond_instances                               |     1024 |
                  ...........
| mysql              | user                                         |    21504 |
+--------------------+----------------------------------------------+----------+
83 rows in set (1.58 sec)                  

root@localhost[tempdb]> system tail  /var/lib/mysql/suse11b-slow.log
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost []
# Query_time: 37.514172  Lock_time: 0.000123 Rows_sent: 0  Rows_examined: 424448
SET timestamp=1412431806;
insert into tb_slow select * from tb_slow;
# Time: 141004 22:10:47
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost []
# Query_time: 1.573293  Lock_time: 0.000183 Rows_sent: 83  Rows_examined: 424614
SET timestamp=1412431847;
select table_schema,table_name,count(*) from tb_slow  --这条SQL被记录下来了，其查询时间为1.573293s
group by table_schema,table_name order by 3,2;

root@localhost[tempdb]> show variables like '%log_queries_not_using_indexes';
+-------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name                 | Value |
+-------------------------------+-------+
| log_queries_not_using_indexes | OFF   |
+-------------------------------+-------+

root@localhost[tempdb]> set global log_queries_not_using_indexes=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

--查看表tb_slow索引信息，表tb_slow无任何索引
root@localhost[tempdb]> show index from tb_slow;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

root@localhost[tempdb]> select count(*) from tb_slow;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|   424448 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.20 sec)

root@localhost[tempdb]> system tail -n3 /var/lib/mysql/suse11b-slow.log
# Query_time: 0.199840  Lock_time: 0.000152 Rows_sent: 1  Rows_examined: 424448
SET timestamp=1412432188;
select count(*) from tb_slow;   --此次查询时间为0.199840，被记录的原因是因为没有走索引，因为表本身没有索引

4、格式化慢查询日志

结构化慢查询日志就是把慢查询日志中的重要信息按照便于阅读以及按照特定的排序方式来提取SQL。
这种方式有点类似于Oracle中有个tkprof来格式化oracle的trace文件。
对于前面的慢查询日志我们使用mysqldumpslow来提取如下：

suse11b:~ # mysqldumpslow -s at,al /var/lib/mysql/suse11b-slow.log
Reading mysql slow query log from /var/lib/mysql/suse11b-slow.log
Count: 4  Time=16.87s (67s)  Lock=0.00s (0s)  Rows=0.0 (0), root[root]@localhost
  insert into tb_slow select * from tb_slow

Count: 1  Time=0.20s (0s)  Lock=0.00s (0s)  Rows=1.0 (1), root[root]@localhost
  select count(*) from tb_slow

Count: 1  Time=1.57s (1s)  Lock=0.00s (0s)  Rows=83.0 (83), root[root]@localhost
  select table_schema,table_name,count(*) from tb_slow
  group by table_schema,table_name order by N,N

#以下是按照最大耗用时间排最后，只显示2条的方式格式化日志文件
suse11b:~ # mysqldumpslow -r -t 2 /var/lib/mysql/suse11b-slow.log
Reading mysql slow query log from /var/lib/mysql/suse11b-slow.log
Count: 1  Time=1.57s (1s)  Lock=0.00s (0s)  Rows=83.0 (83), root[root]@localhost
  select table_schema,table_name,count(*) from tb_slow
  group by table_schema,table_name order by N,N

Count: 4  Time=16.87s (67s)  Lock=0.00s (0s)  Rows=0.0 (0), root[root]@localhost
  insert into tb_slow select * from tb_slow
  
#获取mysqldumpslow的帮助信息
suse11b:~ # mysqldumpslow --help
Usage: mysqldumpslow [ OPTS... ] [ LOGS... ]

Parse and summarize the MySQL slow query log. Options are

  --verbose    verbose
  --debug      debug
  --help       write this text to standard output

  -v           verbose
  -d           debug
  -s ORDER     what to sort by (al, at, ar, c, l, r, t), 'at' is default
                al: average lock time
                ar: average rows sent
                at: average query time
                 c: count        #query的次数
                 l: lock time
                 r: rows sent    #返回的记录数
                 t: query time  
  -r           reverse the sort order (largest last instead of first)
  -t NUM       just show the top n queries
  -a           don't abstract all numbers to N and strings to 'S'
  -n NUM       abstract numbers with at least n digits within names
  -g PATTERN   grep: only consider stmts that include this string
  -h HOSTNAME  hostname of db server for *-slow.log filename (can be wildcard),
               default is '*', i.e. match all
  -i NAME      name of server instance (if using mysql.server startup script)
  -l           don't subtract lock time from total time